
The vowels, $svaraM$, or $uyir$.

($hrasvaM$ or short vowels and $diirghaM$, or long vowels

the $vyanjanaM$, or consonants:

\vfill\eject

the $varggyaM$, or `letters in classes':

\def\q{\quad\hfill}
\def\col#1#2{\hbox{\vtop{\hsize=#1\raggedright\tolerance=10000\noindent#2}}}
\def\malstrut{\vtop to4pt{}\vbox to10pt{}}
{\twelvemmr\halign{\malstrut\col{5cm}{#}\q
  &\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
  &\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
  &\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
  &\col{1.5cm}{#}\q
  &\col{1.5cm}{#}\q\cr
$varggaM$, or class             &
$kharaM$, `hard' or `strong'    &
$atikharaM$, `very hard'        &
$m.rdu$, `soft'                 &
$ghooSaM$, `voice'              &
$anunaasikaM$, `nasal'          \cr
$kaNTyaM$, or velar sounds          & $ka$  & $kha$ & $ga$  & $gha$ & $n"a$ \cr
$taalavyaM$, or palatal sounds      & $ca$  & $cha$ & $ja$  & $jha$ & $n~a$ \cr
$muurdhanyaM$, or retroflex sounds  & $Ta$  & $Tha$ & $Da$  & $Dha$ & $Na$  \cr
$dantyaM$, or dental sounds         & $ta$  & $tha$ & $da$  & $dha$ & $na$  \cr
$oSThyaM$, or labial sounds         & $pa$  & $pha$ & $ba$  & $bha$ & $ma$  \cr
\noalign{\hrule}
$antastha$, $iTaiyinaM$, or $madhyamaM$, `intermediate'
consonants                          & $ya$  & $ra$  & $la$  & $va$  \cr
$uuSmaavu+$, or fricatives          & $sha$ & $Sa$  & $sa$  & $ha$  \cr
Dravidian consonants                & $La$  & $zha$ & $Ra$  \cr
}}
\medskip

